Why was WW1 called a Total War?
World War I, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It was a catastrophic war that involved most of the major powers of the world, including European nations, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire. The war was marked by unprecedented destruction, widespread human suffering, and a fundamental shift in the way wars were fought. In this article, we will explore the reasons why WW1 was called a total war.
What is a Total War?
Before we dive into the reasons why WW1 was called a total war, let’s define what a total war is. A total war is a type of war that involves the entire society and economy of a nation, rather than just its military. In a total war, the state seeks to mobilize all its resources, including its population, industry, and infrastructure, to achieve its military goals. This means that civilians, women, and children are also involved in the war effort, either directly or indirectly.
Key Factors that Led to WW1 being Called a Total War
Several key factors contributed to WW1 being called a total war. Some of the most significant include:
- Industrialization and Mass Production: WW1 was the first major war to be fought using mass-produced weapons and technology. This meant that countries had to mobilize their entire industrial capacity to produce weapons, ammunition, and equipment on a massive scale. This led to a massive increase in the demand for labor, raw materials, and resources, which in turn led to a significant expansion of the war effort beyond the military.
Table: Industrial Production during WW1
Country | Industrial Production during WW1 |
---|---|
Germany | Increased by 300% |
France | Increased by 200% |
Britain | Increased by 150% |
United States | Increased by 500% |
- New Technologies: WW1 saw the introduction of new technologies such as tanks, airplanes, and submarines, which changed the way wars were fought. These technologies required significant investment in research and development, production, and maintenance, which in turn led to a greater involvement of civilians and industries in the war effort.
Figure: Evolution of Military Technology during WW1
- Propaganda and Psychological Warfare: WW1 was also marked by the use of propaganda and psychological warfare, which aimed to demoralize the enemy and mobilize public opinion. This led to a greater emphasis on the role of civilians in the war effort, as they were seen as a key target audience for propaganda and recruitment efforts.
Figure: Examples of Propaganda Posters during WW1
- Economic Interdependence: WW1 saw the rise of global trade and economic interdependence, which meant that countries were more interconnected than ever before. This led to a greater emphasis on the need to protect national economies and industries, which in turn led to a greater involvement of civilians and industries in the war effort.
Figure: Global Trade and Economic Interdependence during WW1
- Total War as a Response to Total Mobilization: Finally, WW1 was called a total war because it was a response to the total mobilization of society and economy. The war effort required the entire nation to be mobilized, which meant that civilians, women, and children were also involved in the war effort. This led to a fundamental shift in the way wars were fought, as the distinction between military and civilian spheres began to break down.
Conclusion
In conclusion, WW1 was called a total war because of the unprecedented destruction, widespread human suffering, and fundamental shift in the way wars were fought. The war was marked by the introduction of new technologies, propaganda and psychological warfare, economic interdependence, and the total mobilization of society and economy. These factors led to a greater involvement of civilians, women, and children in the war effort, which in turn led to a fundamental shift in the way wars were fought.